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lüll The role of CTLA-4 in the regulation of T cell immune responses McCoy KD; Le Gros GImmunol Cell Biol 1999[Feb]; 77 (1): 1-10Over the past few years a great deal of research has examined how T cell-dependent immune responses are initiated and subsequently regulated. Ligation of the TCR with an antigenic peptide bound to an MHC protein on a professional APC provides the crucial antigen-specific stimulus required for T cell activation. Interaction of CD28 with CD80 or CD86 molecules on APC initiates a costimulatory or second signal within the T cell which augments and sustains T cell activation initiated through the TCR. However, recently it has become clear that T cell immune responses are a result of a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signals. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4) is a cell surface molecule that is expressed nearly exclusively on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Investigation into the role of CTLA-4 in the regulation of T cell immune responses has revealed that CTLA-4 is a very important molecule involved in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis. In the present review, evidence for the proposed inhibitory role of CTLA-4 is examined and a model suggesting a role for CTLA-4 in both early and late stages of T cell activation is presented.|*Immunoconjugates[MESH]|Abatacept[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Antigens, CD[MESH]|Antigens, Differentiation/genetics/*immunology[MESH]|CD28 Antigens/metabolism[MESH]|CTLA-4 Antigen[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Immune Tolerance[MESH]|In Vitro Techniques[MESH]|Ligands[MESH]|Lymphocyte Activation[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|Mice, Knockout[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Signal Transduction[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes/*immunology[MESH]|Th1 Cells/immunology[MESH]|Th2 Cells/immunology[MESH] |